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Koshihikari

Parents: Norin No.22 (seed parent) and Norin No.1 (pollen parent). Crossed in 1944. Bred by Niigata Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station (cross) → Nagaoka and then Fukui Agricultural Improvement Laboratory, MAF (selection).

Etsunan No.17 Suito Norin No.100 ETU0000170

Pedigree

Skip the diagram and read the list
Norin No.22 → Koshihikari Norin No.1 → Koshihikari Norin No.8 → Norin No.22 Norin No.6 → Norin No.22 Moritawase → Norin No.1 Rikuu No.132 → Norin No.1 Ginbozu → Norin No.8 Asahi → Norin No.8 Joshu → Norin No.6 Sen'ichi → Norin No.6 Rikuu No.20 → Rikuu No.132 Kamenoo No.4 → Rikuu No.132 Aikoku → Rikuu No.20 Norin No.22 → Honenwase Norin No.1 → Honenwase Norin No.22 → Hatsunishiki Norin No.1 → Hatsunishiki Norin No.22 → Yamasenishiki Norin No.1 → Yamasenishiki Norin No.22 → Koshijiwase Norin No.1 → Koshijiwase Koshihikari → Hitomebore Hatsuboshi → Hitomebore Koshihikari → Hatsuboshi Koshihikari → Akitakomachi Koshihikari → Hinohikari Koshihikari → Hokuriku No.100 Hokuriku No.100 → Kinuhikari Kinuhikari → Yumetsukushi Koshihikari → Yumetsukushi Koshihikari → Milky Queen Hinohikari → Mori no Kumasan Koshihikari → Mori no Kumasan Koshihikari → Koshihikari BL No.1 Koshihikari → Ajikodama Hitomebore → Fusaotome Fusaotome → Fusakogane Hitomebore → Nanatsuboshi Hitomebore → Koshiibuki Ajikodama → Tohoku No.164 Hitomebore → Tohoku No.164 Tohoku No.164 → Tsuyahime Akitakomachi → Haenuki Akitakomachi → Hoshinoyume Hoshinoyume → Hoshitaro Hoshitaro → Yumepirika Kinuhikari → Kinumusume Koshihikari → Nasuhikari Nasuhikari → Tochiginohoshi Hitomebore → Ou No.357 Ou No.357 → Tennotsubu Koshihikari → Etsunan No.173 Etsunan No.173 → Akisakari Koshihikari → Kanto No.79 Kanto No.79 → Mineasahi Mineasahi → Aichinokaori Aichinokaori → Asahinoyume Akitakomachi → Ou No.341 Ou No.341 → Masshigura Koshihikari → Hoshinohikari Koshihikari → Akanezora Koshihikari → Aoinokaze Koshihikari → Tsubusuke Koshihikari → Fukuhikari Koshihikari → Natsuhonami Koshihikari → Yamahikari Koshihikari → Goropikari Koshihikari → Koshihomare Koshihikari → Inabawase Koshihikari → Akinishiki Koshihikari → Kounomai Koshihikari → Koigokoro Koshihikari → Leafstar Fusaotome → Yosakoibijin Koshihikari → Yosakoibijin Koshihikari → Kirari Miyazaki Koshihikari → Miyako 95 Koshihikari → Niigata No.19 Kinuhikari → Fukkura Momoko Koshihikari → Fukkura Momoko Koshihikari → Kurenaimochi Koshihikari → Yumehikari Koshihikari → Akinouta Koshihikari → Yaekogane Koshihikari → Hamakowase Koshihikari → Yumeshinano Koshihikari → Kirarin Koshihikari → Hananomai Koshihikari → Ayanohikari Koshihikari → Toyamanishiki Koshihikari → Tomihikari Koshihikari → Omachikane Koshihikari → Torinoizumi Koshihikari → Haruru Koshihikari → Haresugata Koshihikari → Tabegokochi Koshihikari → Tonenomegumi Koshihikari → Harumi Kinuhikari → Harumi Koshihikari → Hanakirari Koshihikari → Ten no Midori Haenuki → Seikiwan Koshihikari → Seikiwan Koshihikari → Himuka Raisu Koshihikari → Isayama No.1 Koshihikari → Oogane Mochi Koshihikari → Toyohikari Koshihikari → Yayama Mochi Koshihikari → Iwata No.11 Koshihikari → Koshihikari Kan No.1 Koshihikari → Yumegokochi Koshihikari → Inochinoichi Koshihikari → Kamiakari Koshihikari → Gohyakugawa Koshihikari → Hatsuyume Koshihikari → Issunboshi Koshihikari → Futagoboshi Koshihikari → Kousai Koshihikari → Kitanohana Koshihikari → Murase No.1 Koshihikari → Tsubuyuki Koshihikari → Fujihikari Koshihikari → Koihime Koshihikari → Kako Koshihikari → Okuhikari Koshihikari → Tsubuyori Koshihikari → Yokahonami Koshihikari → Natsushizuka Koshihikari → Hikari Shinseiki Koshihikari → Hikarikko Koshihikari → Saga No.1 Koshihikari → Iwata No.8 Koshihikari → Iwata No.16 Hananomai → Kako Hitomebore → Kirari Miyazaki Fukuhikari → Yaekogane Inabawase → Toyamanishiki Aoinokaze → Iwata No.11 Kanto No.79 → Hikari Shinseiki Norin No.22 → Yo 44 Norin No.1 → Yo 44 Norin No.22 → Yo 45 Norin No.1 → Yo 45 Norin No.22 → Yo 46 Norin No.1 → Yo 46 Norin No.22 → Yo 47 Norin No.1 → Yo 47 Norin No.22 → Yo 48 Norin No.1 → Yo 48 Norin No.22 → Yo 49 Norin No.1 → Yo 49 Koshihikari Etsunan No.17 ・ 32.6% Norin No.22 Kinki No.34 Norin No.1 Hokuriku No.4 Moritawase Rikuu No.132 Rikuu No.20 Kamenoo No.4 Aikoku Norin No.8 Kinki No.15 Norin No.6 Kinki No.9 Joshu Sen'ichi Ginbozu Asahi Hitomebore Tohoku No.143 ・ 8.4% Hatsuboshi Aichi No.26 Akitakomachi Akita No.31 ・ 6.7% Hinohikari Nankai No.102 ・ 7.1% Hokuriku No.100 Yumetsukushi Chikushi No.6 ・ 1.1% Milky Queen Kanto No.168 Mori no Kumasan Kumamoto No.2 Koshihikari BL No.1 Etsunan IL No.6 Ajikodama Niigata No.30 Nasuhikari Tochigi No.7 Etsunan No.173 Kanto No.79 Hoshinohikari Aichi No.44 Akanezora Aichi No.76 Aoinokaze Aichi No.78 Tsubusuke 千葉36号 Fukuhikari Etsunan No.96 Natsuhonami Etsunan No.112 Yamahikari Etsunan No.114 Goropikari Gunma No.7 Koshihomare Hokuriku No.77 Inabawase Hokuriku No.84 Akinishiki Hokuriku No.90 Kounomai Hyokei No.50 Koigokoro Kanto No.166 Leafstar Kanto-shi No.215 Yosakoibijin 高育76号 Kirari Miyazaki Miyazaki No.33 Miyako 95 Nankai No.95 Niigata No.19 Niigata No.19 Fukkura Momoko Okayama No.57 Kurenaimochi Saikai-mochi No.129 Yumehikari Saikai No.186 Akinouta Shiga No.62 Yaekogane Shinko No.417 Hamakowase Shinko No.477 Yumeshinano Shinko No.485 Kirarin Shinko No.488 Hananomai Shonai No.32 Ayanohikari Gyokukei No.91 Toyamanishiki Toyama No.16 Tomihikari Toyama No.21 Omachikane Chokei No.66 Torinoizumi Chokei No.72 Haruru Yamaguchi No.1 Haresugata Tochigi No.2 Tabegokochi Tonenomegumi Harumi Hanakirari Ten no Midori Seikiwan Himuka Raisu Isayama No.1 Oogane Mochi Toyohikari Yayama Mochi Iwata No.11 Koshihikari Kan No.1 lcd-kmt2 Yumegokochi Inochinoichi Kamiakari Gohyakugawa Hatsuyume Issunboshi Futagoboshi Kousai Kitanohana Murase No.1 Tsubuyuki Aokei No.147 Fujihikari Chugoku No.63 Koihime Fukei No.129 Kako Hitachi No.7 Okuhikari Ishikawa No.14 Tsubuyori Saikai No.192 Yokahonami Saikai No.193 Natsushizuka Shizukei No.78 Hikari Shinseiki Hikarikko Saga No.1 Saga No.1 Iwata No.8 Iwata No.16 Mineasahi Chubu No.17 Aichinokaori Aichi No.70 ・ 0.8% Asahinoyume Aichi No.93 ・ 1% Akisakari Etsunan No.208 ・ 0.7% Tochiginohoshi Tochigi No.19 ・ 1% Tohoku No.164 Tsuyahime Yamagata No.97 ・ 1.5% Kinuhikari Hokuriku No.122 ・ 1.6% Kinumusume Saikai No.232 ・ 1.8% Haenuki Yamagata No.45 ・ 2.7% Hoshinoyume Joiku No.418 Ou No.341 Masshigura Aokei No.138 ・ 2.5% Hoshitaro Joiku No.427 Yumepirika Joiku No.453 ・ 1.8% Fusaotome Chiba No.6 Nanatsuboshi Kuiku No.163 ・ 3.4% Koshiibuki Niigata No.56 ・ 1.4% Ou No.357 Tennotsubu Fukushima No.9 ・ 1% Fusakogane Chiba No.28 ・ 0.9% Honenwase Etsunan No.14 Hatsunishiki Ou No.224 Yamasenishiki Ou No.225 Koshijiwase Sei 40 Yo 44 Yo 45 Yo 46 Yo 47 Yo 48 Yo 49
The diagram shows this variety's own parents and the line that connects it to Koshihikari. Among the descendants only the main varieties are drawn; the other parent of each cross, and every descendant not drawn here, are listed in full below. Faint boxes are unnamed breeding lines.

Parents

Siblings

  • Honenwase Etsunan No.14
  • Hatsunishiki Ou No.224
  • Yamasenishiki Ou No.225
  • Koshijiwase Sei 40
  • Yo 44 Yo 44
  • Yo 45 Yo 45
  • Yo 46 Yo 46
  • Yo 47 Yo 47
  • Yo 48 Yo 48
  • Yo 49 Yo 49

Descendants

Relations are counted along the shortest line of descent. The rows in the diagram follow the order of crosses, so a variety with more than one path down can sit lower in the diagram than its relation here suggests.

Children 94

Grandchildren 9

Great-grandchildren 7

Great-great-grandchildren 2

A cross that failed its own goal, and then took over Japan

In 1944, at the Niigata Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, Hiroyuki Takahashi and his colleagues crossed Norin No.1 with Norin No.22.

Norin No.1 was the leading variety of its day: high yielding, good grain, good to eat — but susceptible to rice blast. Norin No.22 was resistant. The point of the cross was to fix that one weakness.

The following spring the seed was not sown. There were not enough hands; the war had taken them.

Twenty plants survived an earthquake

Sowing began in 1946. By 1948 sixty-five plants had been selected out of roughly three thousand, and twenty of them were transferred to the Fukui Agricultural Improvement Laboratory.

On 28 June 1948 the Fukui earthquake struck. Much of the experimental paddy was lost. The twenty transferred plants came through.

Keiichiro Ishizumi carried the selection forward in Fukui. In 1953 the line was given the designation Etsunan No.17 and distributed to twenty-two prefectures.

In 1956 Niigata and Chiba adopted it as a recommended variety, and it was registered as Suito Norin No.100, "Koshihikari." Twelve years had passed since the cross.

"Weak against blast, prone to lodging" — and pushed through anyway

From 1953 the line was trialled in twenty-two prefectures. Most test sites reported the same thing: good grain, good eating quality, but weak against blast, prone to lodging, and unsuited to heavy fertiliser. Around thirty sites within Niigata found the same faults.

Masahiko Kunitake of the Niigata experiment station looked at the fallen plants and observed that the lodged rice was still alive. Then the station's director, Fumiyuki Sugitani, made the call that decided this variety's future:

"A defect that cultivation can cover is not a fatal defect."

At the Ministry of Agriculture's review board for new varieties, the weakness against blast and the tendency to lodge were raised as serious faults, and the discussion grew heated. Niigata pressed on regardless, Chiba also adopted the line, and registration as Norin No.100 was approved.

The name they chose expressed a hope: a variety that would shine over the land of Koshi. Koshihikari.

The weakness was still there fifty years later

The cross had been made to produce a blast-resistant variety. Koshihikari did not become one.

Niigata Prefecture says so in its own words: "Koshihikari's weakness — susceptibility to rice blast." For three consecutive years from 1979, blast pulled the harvest below normal.

From 1986 the prefecture spent fifteen years developing Koshihikari BL, a set of isogenic lines carrying blast resistance. In 2005 it switched the prefecture's entire Koshihikari production over to them.

Sixty-one years after the cross. That is how long it took to remove the weakness.

Koshihikari survived on eating quality instead. In 1979 it passed Nipponbare to become the most widely planted rice variety in Japan, and it has not been overtaken since.

Nineteen of Japan's twenty most-planted rice varieties sit on this tree

In the 2024 crop year Koshihikari alone accounted for 32.6% of paddy rice area. We traced the pedigree of each variety in the top twenty, one relationship at a time.

Relation Variety (share of area, %) Subtotal
Itself Koshihikari 32.6 32.6%
Child Hitomebore 8.4 / Hinohikari 7.1 / Akitakomachi 6.7 / Yumetsukushi 1.1 23.3%
Grandchild Nanatsuboshi 3.4 / Haenuki 2.7 / Masshigura 2.5 / Kinuhikari 1.6 / Koshiibuki 1.4 / Tochiginohoshi 1.0 / Akisakari 0.7 13.3%
Great-grandchild Kinumusume 1.8 / Tsuyahime 1.5 / Tennotsubu 1.0 / Fusakogane 0.9 / Aichinokaori 0.8 6.0%
Great-great-grandchild Yumepirika 1.8 / Asahinoyume 1.0 2.8%

Nineteen of the top twenty. 78.0% of the planted area.

Something close to four fifths of Japan's table rice traces back to a single cross made in Niigata in 1944.

There is one exception — and even it is not unrelated

The only variety in the top twenty that is not a descendant of Koshihikari is Hatsushimo (0.7%). It was crossed in 1935 and registered in 1950: it is older than Koshihikari, so it could not possibly descend from it.

Then we looked at its parents, and stopped.

Hatsushimo's pollen parent is Kinki No.15 — Suito Norin No.8.

Follow the diagram above. Norin No.8 is the seed parent of Norin No.22, which is Koshihikari's own mother. The same variety serves as a father in one line and a mother in the other.

Even the one exception shares an ancestor with Koshihikari.

And Hatsushimo is itself the seed parent of Aichinokaori, a great-grandchild of Koshihikari. The two bloodlines meet again there.

The lines running downward from Koshihikari in the diagram above are, quite literally, the Japanese dinner table.

Sources disagree

Which parent of Koshihikari was the seed parent

The NARO historical document states in words that Norin No.22 was the seed parent and Norin No.1 the pollen parent. Niigata Prefecture, which bred the variety, states the reverse. The diagram follows the historical document; Niigata's account is recorded here. We call neither wrong.

The year of the cross

The NARO documents appear to reproduce the prefectures' original applications for recommended-variety status and give 1945 — and the documents for Honenwase, Hatsunishiki and Yamasenishiki, all from the same cross, give 1945 as well, four in agreement. Niigata's own account says the cross was made in 1944 and that the 1945 planting was skipped for lack of hands. We use 1944 and note the discrepancy.

How the seed parent of Norin No.1 is written

The two spellings appear in the same NARO database, in the pedigree field and in the historical document respectively. We use the pedigree field's spelling and list the other.

How Kamenoo No.4 is written

We follow the NARO database. The commonly seen spelling uses a katakana no; we prefer the spelling we can cite.

Which parent of Hitomebore was the seed parent

The NARO pedigree field reads Koshihikari/Hatsuboshi, and by convention the name before the slash is the seed parent. The breeding report from Furukawa Agricultural Experiment Station, which raised the variety, states the reverse. The same disagreement appears for Koshihikari's own parents (D001), so this kind of discrepancy is not unusual. The diagram follows the NARO notation and both readings are recorded here.

On naming

Variety names are proper nouns. We use a name in this language only where a published source for it can be cited; otherwise the Japanese name stands.

What we have not yet confirmed

We have not looked below the top twenty

The site covers the twenty most widely planted varieties of the 2024 crop and the varieties that connect them back to Koshihikari. Many descendants exist below that line; we have not yet verified them against primary sources.

The year Masshigura was crossed

Neither Aomori Prefecture's table of recommended-variety characteristics nor the NARO database gives the year Masshigura (Aokei No.138) was crossed. The cross itself, Ou No.341 / Yamagata No.40, and its adoption as a recommended variety in fiscal 2004 are confirmed from primary sources; the year of the cross is not. For the same reason we do not say which parent was the seed parent. On 8 October 2026 we went back to the breeder's own side. The Masshigura page in the variety database of the Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center's Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute carries a heading reading “The origin of Masshigura” — with nothing under it. Of the institute's bulletins, only No.42 (2015) onward are online, and the issue that would hold the breeding report for Masshigura is not among them. So the year of the cross is absent from the breeder's own published material as well.

Sources

The source document is in Japanese.

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